Semantic Role Labeling with CRFs

Citation

Trevor Cohn, Philip Blunsom, "Semantic Role Labeling with Conditional Random Fields", CoNLL 2005

Online version

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Introduction

This paper aims at Semantic Role Labeling or SRL of sentences using Conditional Random Fields. This was the first attempt of solving the problem of SRL using CRF. The authors defined CRF over the tree structure of the syntactic parse tree of the sentence, rather than defining it on the linear sentence structure as is usually done for the tasks of Named Entity Recognition or Part-of-Speech tagging. The motivation behind this came from the very nature of semantic role labeling which is the task of labeling phrases with their semantic labels with respect to a particular constituent of the sentence, the predicate or the verb. The authors conjectured that for this reason, modeling linear chain CRF was not intuitive for SRL. The problem of SRL is usually broken into two parts: identifying candidate phrases for assigning semantic roles, and predicting the semantic role to be assigned to the identified phrase. The approach in this paper does both these things in a single pass over the syntactic tree structure.

Dataset Used

The dataset used was the PropBank corpus, which is the Penn Treebank corpus with semantic role annotation.

CRF Model

The CRF was defined over the tree structure of the sentence as:

where $C$ is the set of cliques in the observation tree, $\lambda {_{k}}$ are model's parameters, and $f$ is the function that maps label for a clique to a vector of scalar values.
The cliques considered were single-node (just one node in the syntactic tree), and two-node (parent and child nodes) ones. The CRF model can thus be restated as

where the actual feature function $f$ is divided into single-node feature function $g$, and two-node feature function $h$.

Features Used

As the cliques considered are single-node and two-node cliques, the features were also defined for both single nodes and parent-child pairs. There were many syntactic features used; I will not be describing each of them as the reference for them can be found in the paper. The syntactic features or the feature types were made into binary functions $g$ and $h$ by combining (feature type, feature value) pairs with label (for a single node) or label pairs (for two-noded cliques), when such a feature-type, feature-value was seen at least once in the training data.
The different feature types used were:
Basic features: {Head word, head PoS, phrase syntactic category, phrase path, position relative to the predicate, surface distance to the predicate, predicate lemma, predicate token, predicate voice, predicate sub-categorisation, syntactic frame}.
Context features: {Head word of first NP in preposition phrase, left and right sibling head words and syntactic categories, first and last word in phrase yield and their PoS, parent syntactic category and head word}.
Common ancestor of the verb: The syntactic category of the deepest shared ancestor of both the verb and node.
Feature conjunctions: The following features were conjoined: { predicate lemma + syntactic category, predicate lemma + relative position, syntactic category + first word of the phrase}.
Default feature: This feature is always on, which allows the classifier to model the prior probability distribution over the possible argument labels.
Joint features: These features were only defined over pair-wise cliques: {whether the parent and child head words do not match, parent syntactic category + and child syntactic category, parent relative position + child relative position, parent relative position + child relative position + predicate PoS + predicate lemma}.

Experimental Results and Conclusion

The parsed training data sentences yielded 90,388 predicates and 1,971,985 binary features ($g$ and $h$). The experimental results of precision, recall and f-scores are shown in the table below.


Although the modeling of the problem is neat, the results reported were not at par with the best systems that competed in the CoNLL shared task. Marquez et. al. in their paper showed that modeling the SRL problem as a sequential BIO-tagging problem still gives far better results. They made use of a combination of deep and shallow syntactic features and used boosting technique for the BIO-tagging.