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== Citation == Birke, J. and A. Sarkar. 2006. A clustering approach for the nearly unsupervised recognition of nonliteral language. In Proceedings of EACL-06, pages 329–336. == Online Version == [http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/E/E06/E06-1042.pdf pdf link to the paper] == Method Summary == * TroFi (TropeFinder) System # '''Task:''' Classifying literal and nonliteral usages of verbs # '''Method:''' Use '''nearly unsupervised word-sense disambiguation''' and '''clustering techniques''' * Processing Steps # '''KE Algorithm''': Similarity-based word-sense disambiguation algorithm #* Similarities are calculated between: #*# Sentences containing the word we wish to disambiguate (the '''target word''') #*# Collections of seed sentences ('''feedback sets''') # '''Clean the Feedback Sets''' #* In order to remove false attraction #* 4 Principle of '''Scrubbing''' #*# Human annotations (in DoKMIE) are reliable #*# Phrasal and expression verbs are often indicative of nonliteral uses #*# Content words appearing in both feedback sets should be avoided #*# '''Learning & voting:''' Use four learners (A, B, C, D) to vote the best form of scrubbing action == Result == # TroFi achieved '''F1-score of 0.538''', and outperforms the baseline by '''24.4%''' (on human-labeled data) # Build the '''TroFi Example Base''', which is a freely available metaphor annotated resource. == Discussion and Thought == # This work explore a approach of metaphor identification which is relatively less mentioned. Compared with selection restriction modeling or lexicon-based methods, this method requires less human involvements, and adopt the well-development technologies borrowed from word sense disambiguation. # [[Models_of_metaphor_in_NLP]] criticized that this work doesn't define their task clearly. Part of the reason is that they simplify the task (a little bit) to fit some norm of word sense disambiguation. But in general, it's still a very inspiring work. == Study Plan == Papers you may want to read: # The '''core algorithm''' is based on this paper: Yael Karov and Shimon Edelman. 1998. Similarity-based word sense disambiguation. Comput. Linguist. 24, 1 (Mar. 1998), 41-59. # One important feature, '''SuperTag''', is based on this paper: Srinivas Bangalore and Aravind K. Joshi. 1999. Supertagging: an approach to almost parsing. Comput. Linguist. 25, 2 (Jun. 1999), 237-265.

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